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1985

Power-Control-Theory (Hagan)

John Hagan’s Power Control theory explains differences in crime rates between men and women. It attributes them to the fact that girls and boys in families are brought up differently. While boys have more freedom and are therefore more prone to delinquency, girls are more strongly regulated. As a result, they develop more self-control and are less prone to delinquency and risk behaviour even as adults.

Main proponent

John Hagan

Theory

Power Control theory integrates feminist theories, Marxist theories and control theories to explain different crime rates among men and women.

The basis of the Power Control theory is the basic assumption of the control theories that not deviant but adapted behaviour must be explained. Every person would behave deviantly if he or she were not prevented from doing so by social control. For power control theory, it is primarily the family that exercises control early in a person’s life. If this control is lacking, a greater freedom and choice of behaviour possibilities arises. Depending on the educational goal, each person develops a certain degree of self-control (see: General Theory of Crime). This will encourage him or her to adhere to norms even in situations where there is no direct control. Thus, Deviante’s behavior is most likely when no sufficient self-control has been developed.

With this theory, Hagan directs his attention to gender and power relations. He examines the power relations within families and distinguishes between patriarchal, matriarchal and egalitarian families. Hagan derives the power position of the individual family members from their occupation outside the family. If only one spouse is employed, he or she has more power, possibilities and resources than the other. In patriarchal families, the male partner has more power. Girls are socialised into the ‘inferior’ role at an early age and are exposed to more intensive control than boys. They are granted more freedom, allowing them to engage in more delinquent behaviour.

In families that are more egalitarian, this form of socialization changes and girls have more freedom. As a result, they also tend to risk behaviour and delinquency. Boys, on the other hand, show less delinquent behaviour in egalitarian families because the expectations of their roles change.

Hagan and his colleagues, who continued to refine their reflections through empirical research, found that the shift to more egalitarian family structures had the greatest impact on the relationships between mothers and sons. As women take on more power, the way boys are educated also changes. Less risk-taking behaviour is reinforced in boys. As a result, boys in egalitarian families are less prone to delinquency than boys in patriarchal families.

Critical Appraisal & Relevance

Hagan’s Power Control theory draws her attention to a neglected topic in criminology, namely the question of why men are so much more likely than women to be conspicuous as perpetrators. Empirical studies confirm the connections between family structure and tendency to delinquency. Power Control Theory thus performs the important task of combining political structures and explanatory approaches that are related to the individual. It shows that it is no coincidence how individuals are socialized and how much self-control they build up. On the contrary: the role of certain groups within a society is reproduced in families and there is a direct connection between social structures and family structures.

The power control theory, however, has some limitations. In particular, it cannot explain exactly how the social position of individuals affects their educational style. The distinction between the three family types is very static and completely neglects class affiliation. Moreover, this model does not explain the behaviour of children from atypical families (e.g. single mothers).

Morash and Chesney-Lind (1989, 1991), two other feminist theorists, criticize Hagan’s focus on control in the socialization of girls. They argue that women show less delinquent behavior because they are socialized into a role that is caring and pro-social.

Literature

Primary Literature

  • John Hagan, A. R. Gillis, and John Simpson, “Class in the Household: A Power-Control Theory of Gender and Delinquency,” American Journal of Sociology, 92 (1987): 788-816.
  • John Hagan, A. R. Gillis, and John Simpson “Feminist Scholarship, Relational and Instrumental Control, and a Power-Control Theory of Gender and Delinquency“ http://www.jstor.org/stable/590481?seq=2

Secondary Literature

Further Information

Interesting examples of how children are taught gender roles at an early age can be found on the blog “Sociological Images”:

Sociological Images: Gendered Toy Advertising

In this video, TheSecondCityNetwork looks at the message that is conveyed to girls in Disney movies (here “Beauty and the Beast”):

General Strain Theory (Agnew)

According to Robert Agnew’ s General Strain Theory, strain is based on three different factors:

  1. failure to achieve a goal,
  2. the existence of harmful impulses,
  3. and the removal of positive impulses.

Stress produces negative emotions such as anger or depression that promote delinquent behaviour without adequate coping skills.

Main proponent

Robert Agnew

Theory

Compared to Merton’s explanations of anomie theory, the General Strain Theory provides a broader view of the causes of stress.

According to Agnew there are three main reasons for deviance-producing strain:

  1. The failure to achieve a goal (e.g. good grades)
  2. The removal of positive impulses (e.g. death of a parent, end of relationship)
  3. The existence of harmful impulses (e.g. school problems)

According to Agnew “strain” can occur in all strata of the population and is not a class-specific phenomenon. He tries to explain how “strain” leads to criminal acts. He assumes that stress leads to negative emotional states such as anger (violent behaviour) or depression (the use of drugs), which are conducive to different delinquent behaviour without adequate coping skills.

Agnew sees the reasons why some react to the psychological stress with norm-compliant and others with criminal behaviour in the lack of coping skills (e.g. intelligence, creativity, problem-solving skills, etc.). In addition, negative factors such as a criminal environment or criminal character traits have a negative influence on dealing with stress.

Schaubild: General Strain Theory (Agnew)

Implication for criminal policy

Agnew’s criminal policy demands can be regarded as manifold, as his theory also has several different causal factors:

First of all, it can be assumed that General Strain Theory, as a theory related to Merton’s considerations of good social policy with the possibility of achieving his individual (e.g. material) goals, is also related to good social policy. Social inequality in society leads to higher pressure on disadvantaged members and thus to an increase in the likelihood of becoming criminals.

Secondly, due to a certain approximation to the control and attachment theories, Agnew’s criminal policy implications must also be taken into account: The loss of positive stimuli and the experience of negative stimuli are mostly changes within the individual social environment or can at least be reinforced or prevented by it.

Finally, the coping strategies mentioned in the Strain Theory allow for another form of crime prevention: Since the decisive factors for committing a criminal act are ultimately anger and frustration, it must be the task of (re-)socialization programs to learn alternative ways of thinking and behaving that prevent or at least contain the emergence of such emotions. An example would be the so-called “hot chair” from social therapy, which is intended to train the correct handling of negative emotions.

Kritische Würdigung /Aktualitätsbezug

With the General Strain Theory, Agnew has succeeded in expanding anomie theory, which is limited to lower class crime, and in combining it with other theoretical concepts such as social control, social disorganisation and emotions. The almost multifactorial nature of the theory, however, leads to the unavoidable question of what is ultimately the decision criterion for behaving differently due to adverse circumstances or for remaining compliant despite a whole range of negative factors in one’s individual environment. However, he does not explicitly describe the role they play. In what form do they influence in detail the handling of stress on the part of the individual? In addition, criticism of the anomie, control and theories of social disorganization can also be made analogously in General Strain Theory.

Literature

Primary literature

Secondary literature

 

Weiterführende Information

Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UA-7F1S1DNM

Dr. Robert Agnew’s lecture delivered at Eastern Kentucky University – College of Justice and Safety in 2005 titled “Strain Theory in Criminal Justice”.