Edwin M. Lemert distinguishes between primary and secondary deviance. An individual first commits primary deviance. Through a process of labelling the individual is forced to play the role of deviant. As a reaction to this role assignment (“You are criminal!”), the labelled person adapts his behaviour according to the role
sanctioning
Sanctioning
Theories of sanctioning are developments from labeling theories. In contrast to labeling or deterrence theories, sanctioning theories assume that punishment can have different effects in different contexts. Theories of sanctioning examine the effect of punishment. As a further development of labelling approaches, their main focus is on the re-integrating function
