Shaming describes any form of reaction to deviant behaviour that causes shame in the deviant. Braithwaite assumes two different forms of shaming. Disintegrative shaming has a stigmatizing effect and excludes a person from the community. It thus provides for the emergence of secondary deviance and is thus related to the
Subculture
Cultural Criminology
Cultural criminology is not a crime theory in the narrower sense. Rather, it is a theoretical current that has emerged in the English-speaking world and, based on cultural studies and critical theories of criminality, understands deviance and phenomena of crime control as an interactionist, symbol-mediated process and analyses them with
Learning/ Subculture
Learning theories assume that both deviant and conformal behaviours are learned in interactions with other members of society. Learning theoretical approaches explain delinquency as behaviours that are processually passed on in groups and communities. Criminal behaviour is thus learned in the same way and through the same mechanisms as any
